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Icarus Complex",[196],{"field":197},"Senegambian Coast",{"_type":199,"current":200},"slug","contested-waters",[202],{"title":203},"Publication","Contested Waters",{"_id":206,"_translations":207,"body":208,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":235,"credits":65,"introText":65,"location":65,"slug":236,"tags":65,"textDate":65,"title":238},"b69d4362-a5f8-4843-a4da-426f7d0f80c6",[],[209,217,218,221,222,231,232],{"children":210},[211,213,215],{"text":212},"Lexicon II brought together scholars, artists, writers and activists to unpack two interrelated terms emerging from the critical lexicon: \"hostility\" and \"infrastructures of care”. The event took place across multiple locations in London and via multiple formats. ",{"text":214},"As borders infiltrate everyday life, conjuring up diffused atmospheres of surveillance, Lexicon II reflected on the concept of ‘hostile environments’,",{"text":216}," through the prism of race and their longer historical rootedness in colonialism, as well as how various practices can be mobilised to account for and contest these hostile environments, opening up spaces of resistant care.",{},{"children":219},[220],{"text":212},{},{"children":223},[224,225,227,229],{"text":214},{"text":226}," through the prism of race and their longer historical rootedness in colonialism, as well as how various practices can be mobilised to account for and contest these hostile environments, opening up spaces ",{"text":228},"of resistant care",{"text":230},".",{},{"children":233},[234],{"text":44},"2026-03-10T10:27:00.000Z",{"_type":199,"current":237},"test","Test",{"_id":240,"_translations":241,"body":242,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":347,"credits":348,"introText":349,"location":350,"slug":352,"tags":354,"textDate":65,"title":357},"3468cc3c-3216-4171-9fe3-6d0810d9fff1",[],[243,251,259,263,264,300,312,313,321,322,326,327,335,343],{"children":244},[245,247,249],{"text":246},"Artisanal fishers in Senegal and The Gambia are increasingly caught between offshore industrial fishing and a fast-growing shore-based fish meal / fish oil (FMFO) ",{"text":248},"industry",{"text":250},". While the impact of the former has been the subject of numerous studies that have tried to detect and quantify the scale of fish stock depletion it is responsible for, the latter has so far received far less attention. Even if the disastrous effects of FMFO production in The Gambia – and more generally along the West African coast – have been amply denounced by local populations as well as international organizations and journalists. In the absence of any official data monitoring FMFO production in The Gambia this study sets out to develop a model for detecting and documenting the activities and locations of artisanal fishing fleets, upon which the FMFO factories depend.",{"children":252},[253,255,257],{"text":254},"This preliminary study focuses on in the Gambian coastal village of Gunjur, where the Golden Lead FMFO ",{"text":256},"factory",{"text":258}," opened in 2016. The study employs remote sensing techniques to detect the presence of artisanal fishing vessels gathering to land their catch in the Bay of Gunjur during the 6 months of FMFO factories activity, between November and June. This framework allows for the study of changes in the activities and numbers of artisanal fishing brought about by the factory’s operations. Whilst providing insights into practices of temporary migration between Senegal and The Gambia driven by FMFO production.",{"children":260},[261],{"text":262},"We present an open, reproducible workflow that applies simple spectral indices to fourteen PlanetScope scenes (2018–2024, 3 m spatial resolution) to detect small wooden and fiberglass boats operating in Gunjur Bay. A scene-specific Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) threshold, morphological cleaning and 4 connected component analysis isolate vessel footprints. Early counts illustrate the potential for community-led oversight while underscoring the caution required when drawing conclusions from single and isolated snapshots. This methodologylays out the groundwork for further in-depth studies with increased access to satellite imagery, providing deeper insights into changes in artisanal fishing practices following the emergence of West Africa as a crucial FMFO global exporter. Conversely, it must be noted that the number of boats provides only an indirect—and imperfect—proxy for estimating the volume of fish stock consumed by factories, as vessel presence alone does not reflect catch size, fishing effort, or ultimate usage.",{},{"children":265},[266,268,270,272,274,276,278,280,282,284,286,288,290,292,294,296,298],{"text":267},"The PDF report outlines a reproducible workflow that applies simple spectral indices to fourteen PlanetScope scenes. The workflow utilizes the complete Python script (including all preprocessing, NDWI calculation, mask generation, and vessel‐detection routines) provided available via the following link. To run the workflow as described in the report, you will need a Python 3 environment with the following packages installed; ",{"text":269},"numpy",{"text":271}," (for array operations), ",{"text":273},"matplotlib",{"text":275}," (for image plotting and annotation), ",{"text":277},"scipy",{"text":279}," (specifically scipy.stats and scipy.ndimage for mode filtering, morphological operations, and connected‐component labeling), ",{"text":281},"GDAL/OGR",{"text":283}," (via the osgeo bindings, for reading the multispectral TIFF and rasterizing the bay polygon), ",{"text":285},"rasterio",{"text":287}," (for writing out georeferenced GeoTIFFs), ",{"text":289},"geopandas",{"text":291}," and ",{"text":293},"shapely",{"text":295}," (for any vector‐based manipulations, although most raster/vector interoperability is handled via GDAL), ",{"text":297},"mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1",{"text":299}," (for fixed‐positioncolorbars when plotting NDWI). Before beginning, ensure that these libraries (and their dependencies) are correctly installed in your Python environment so that all code cells in the script execute without error.",{"children":301},[302,304,306,308,310],{"text":303},"First, we create a true‐color ",{"text":305},"image",{"text":307}," by stacking the red, green, and blue bands, resulting in a composite that is immediately recognizable and inspectable by any analyst. From this composite, we calculate the Normalized Difference Water Index (",{"text":309},"NDWI",{"text":311},"), which accentuates open water (bright) and suppresses other features such as land, boats, and glare (dark). Because atmospheric conditions—such as cloud cover, suspended sediments, and sun glint—vary from one acquisition to the next, the optimal NDWI threshold cannot be predetermined. We employed a systematic, image‐by‐image approach: for each scene, we test a sequence of candidate thresholds (typically ranging from 0.1 to 0.4) and select the one that most effectively separates water from boats and other bright artifacts. Under calm, clear‐water conditions, thresholds around 0.10–0.15 generally suffice; in contrast, when turbidity is high or sun glint is pronounced (for example, during hazier afternoons), a higher threshold—up to 0.25–0.30—is required to prevent misclassifying glint‐contaminated or sediment‐loaded water as vessels. All pixels with NDWI values above the chosen threshold are labeled as “water,” while pixels below the threshold are retained as potential vessel candidates or non‐water noise. Once the initial binary water mask is generated, we apply a 3 × 3 mode filter to eliminate “salt‐and‐pepper” noise—small clusters of pixels that might represent wave crests, foam, or fleeting glint rather than actual boats. Each pixel is replaced by the most frequently occurring value in its 3 × 3 neighborhood, thereby removing isolated misclassifications without disturbing contiguous water areas or actual boats. After mode of filtering, we quickly clean the mask by filling in small holes and removing narrow gaps. This produces a smooth, continuous water mask so that genuine boats are not broken up in later steps. It ensures that small imperfections do not fragment the shapes of legitimate vessels in later steps.",{},{"children":314},[315,317,319],{"text":316},"Next, we crop the cleaned water mask to the polygon outlining Gunjur Bay by rasterizing that polygon. This step eliminates surf‐zone foam from consideration, breaking waves along the shoreline, and nearshore turbidity. The resulting mask contains only true water pixels within the bay’s legal boundary. To detect individual vessels, we invert this water mask which turns boats and other dark features into bright ",{"text":318},"dots",{"text":320},". We then run a connected‐component analysis using 4‐connectivity—meaning that pixels are grouped only if they share a full edge, not merely a corner—so that each cluster represents a contiguous object. Clusters whose pixel area falls between 6 and 300 are retained as potential boats: clusters smaller than 6 pixels are likely foam flecks or residual noise, while clusters larger than 300 pixels are more likely sandbars, dock shadows, or substantial glint artifacts. The remaining clusters become our final ship candidates. Finally, we overlay red bounding rectangles around each detected cluster on both the true‐color composite and the NDWI layer, producing annotated images that allow a human analyst to perform a rapid double check before any further analysis. In practice, this entire workflow—from band stacking through vessel annotation—executes in under 30 seconds per image on a standard laptop.",{},{"children":323},[324],{"text":325},"Over the seven‐year period from 2018 through 2024, the number of vessels detected in Gunjur Bay exhibits a pronounced upward trend, punctuated by year‐to‐year fluctuations that reflect both fishing effort and environmental factors influencing detectability. In 2018, the two March and April scenes produced vessel counts of 33 and 42, respectively, yielding an average of 37.5 boats. By 2019, this average rose to 55.0 boats—an increase of approximately 47% over the previous year. The momentum continued into 2020, where counts averaged 77.5, representing a further 41% rise from 2019. The peak of this early upward trajectory occurred in 2021, when imagery recorded a mean of 100. These successive annual gains suggest a genuine intensification of fishing activity in addition to consistently favorable imaging and detection of conditions that made boats easily visible with this method.",{},{"children":328},[329,331,333],{"text":330},"Satellite snapshots—even when sparse—offer good data insights surrounding Gunjur’s fishing economy. Our method demonstrates that a single multispectral index, adjusted per scene, suffices to map medium‐sized pirogues without relying on expensive, proprietary imagery or bespoke machine‐learning training data. The algorithm is straightforward to understand, and the hands‐on thresholding approach makes it accessible to non‐specialists. By distributing open‐source ",{"text":332},"code",{"text":334}," alongside side‐by‐side visual outputs, we foster transparency and enable community observers, journalists, and local stakeholders to audit or replicate the workflow. Nevertheless, the very simplicity that renders this method portable also imposes certain limitations. A satellite image is merely a snapshot in time: a calm anchorage at late afternoon may simply indicate a random and punctual decrease in activity rather than a true absence of boats.",{"children":336},[337,339,341],{"text":338},"At 3 m resolution, six‐meter boats hover on the edge of ",{"text":340},"detectability",{"text":342},", and vessels navigating side by side frequently merge into a single blob, complicating precise counts. Environmental noise—sun glint, sediment plumes, or afternoon cumulus—can occasionally pass through threshold tuning, leading to false positives or missed detections. Moreover, scene‐specific threshold selection, despite its pragmatic advantages, introduces a degree of subjectivity that complicates strict time‐series comparisons across images. Quantifying precision remains challenging in the absence of perfectly synchronous ground truth; however, manual inspections on clearer scenes suggest error rates of less than 10 %, which provides sufficient confidence for many practical applications.",{"children":344},[345],{"text":346},"In conclusion, this low‐cost, open‐source approach offers an accessible alternative to expensive satellite platforms. While single‐moment counts cannot quantify fishing intensity outright or temporary migration patterns associated with the factory's operations, they reveal pulses of activity that align with factory demand and local testimonies. As such, this method provides civil society groups, regulators, and researchers with a scalable tool for initial oversight, democratizing access to near‐real‐time information on artisanal fishing dynamics.","2025-10-29T13:44:00.000Z","Tools: QGIS, Python, Jupyter Labs\nData: 3m PlanetScope","An exploration into monitoring FIshmeal & Fish Oil production near Gunjur, The Gambia, with 3m PlanetScope imagery",[351],{"field":197},{"_type":199,"current":353},"monitoring-fmfo-production-at-gunjur",[355],{"title":356},"Resource","Monitoring Fishmeal & Fish Oil Production at Gunjur",{"_id":359,"_translations":360,"body":361,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":401,"credits":402,"introText":403,"location":404,"slug":406,"tags":65,"textDate":65,"title":408},"99bb5491-d02a-44de-bf4b-adfd4e36f998",[],[362,366,374,397],{"children":363},[364],{"text":365},"This book has been produced in the context of the research project “Hostile Environments: the Political Ecology of Migration and Border Violence”, funded by the European Research Council and based at the University of Bologna, Italy. The project, undertaken by LIMINAL, sets out to develop arts-based strategies of spatial and visual analysis to capture the entangled nature of border and environmental violence and its harmful effects.",{"children":367},[368,370,372],{"text":369},"The book is the result of a series of workshops carried out by ",{"text":371},"Clara Dublanc",{"text":373}," as a creative response to the research undertaken by LIMINAL between 2023 and 2025 in The Gambia, exploring the links between predatory fishing practices and the displacement of West African coastal communities.",{"children":375},[376,378,380,382,384,386,388,390,391,393,395],{"text":377},"It centres the experiences of women fish ",{"text":379},"retailers",{"text":381},", who have been most severely hit by the ecological and social crisis endangered by the establishment of three fishmeal and fish oil factories in The Gambia since ",{"text":383},"2015",{"text":385},". As these factories plunder local ",{"text":387},"fish",{"text":389}," to fuel the global animal farming ",{"text":248},{"text":392},", women are often the ones having to deal with fast rising cost of fish, the destruction of the ocean environment and the haunting absence of those lost at sea while seeking a better future along the “back ",{"text":394},"way",{"text":396},"”, the migration paths made more and more dangerous by militarised border control.",{"children":398},[399],{"text":400},"By addressing a young audience living in the aftermath of these ongoing predatory practices, the book acknowledges the intergenerational effects of extraction, foregrounding personal and collective struggles through social and environmental hardship, as well as human resilience and creative strategies for survival.","2025-10-02T10:05:00.000Z","Producer: Itinerant Works\nPrinter: Hato Press","A children’s book exploring the impacts of The Gambia’s growing Fishmeal & Fish Oil industry",[405],{"field":197},{"_type":199,"current":407},"halimatu","Halimatu",{"_id":410,"_translations":411,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":412,"credits":413,"introText":65,"location":414,"slug":417,"tags":419,"textDate":65,"title":421},"1296dd42-cc03-4ed2-8e4c-f831d87a5a4d",[],"2025-09-25T15:51:00.000Z","Journal: IrpiMedia",[415],{"field":416},"Agadez Region",{"_type":199,"current":418},"https-irpimedia-irpi-eu-desertdumps-storie-migranti-abbandonati-nel-deserto",[420],{"title":203},"Migranti Abbandonati nel Deserto",{"_id":423,"_translations":424,"body":425,"cardExcerpt":549,"createdAt":550,"credits":551,"introText":549,"location":552,"slug":554,"tags":556,"textDate":65,"title":19},"3981b58f-5d5f-42f4-82a2-8e9be378e847",[],[426,438,450,451,452,467,471,475,479,483,484,496,507,511,512,513,525,533],{"children":427},[428,430,432,434,436],{"text":429},"The Deportation Chain is an investigation into the increasing practices of forced expulsions from Tunisia and Algeria to Niger. It draws on GPS data, WhatsApp messages and video testimonies shared by Abdallah (whose name has been changed to protect his identity), with migrant's rights NGO ",{"text":431},"Refugees in Libya",{"text":433}," (RIL) & ",{"text":435},"The Association for Juridical Studies on Immigration",{"text":437}," (ASGI), who provided support to Abdallah during his journey. Abdallah, a Sudanese national who fled war in search of safety, was initially arrested on May 3rd, 2024, at an informal camp outside the UNHCR office in Tunis.",{"children":439},[440,442,444,446,448],{"text":441},"Our investigation reconstructed the journey following his arrest which ultimately took him from the shores of the Mediterranean, first to Algeria and then deep into Niger’s Sahara Desert, over three thousand kilometres away from the location of his initial arrest. Abdallah's",{"text":443}," journey was once of enforced mobility that exposed him and his fellow deportees to arbitrary detention, arrest, violence and human rights violations.",{"text":445},"  Further, outlining part of a wider ‘deportation chain’, linking together a network of both non-state actors; national and regional governments in Tunisia, ",{"text":447},"Algeria",{"text":449}," and Niger, which are systematically abusing vulnerable people; international organisations such as the UNHCR, who are failing in their mission to protect them; as well as the EU and individual member states, which continue to provide financial, political and operational support.",{},{},{"children":453},[454,456,458,460,462,463,465],{"text":455},"Before his smartphone was confiscated by the Algerian authorities, Abdallah documented his forced journey sharing GPS ",{"text":457},"locations",{"text":459},", ",{"text":461},"photographs",{"text":459},{"text":464},"videos",{"text":466}," and messages via WhatsApp with migrant support organisations RIL & ASGI, to denounce the injustices unfolding around him. Through this data and his testimonies, our investigation reconstructed Abdallah’s disorientating journey from the Mediterranean Sea deep into the Sahara Desert, piecing together the fragments of his nearly two-month journey, whilst outlining a complex mechanism designed to move venerable refugees southward away from both Africa and Europe's Mediterranean coast.",{"children":468},[469],{"text":470},"The investigation focused on the violent and lengthy journey Abdallah was forced to take after he was arrested without cause on the 3rd of May 2024. The arrest followed the violent evacuation by Tunisian security of the informal refugee camp located in front of the UNHCR and IOM headquarters in Tunis. The people residing here included migrants and refugees registered with the UNHCR and in possession of refugee cards, and asylum seekers pre-registered with the Tunisian Council for refugees. The camp had been set up by migrants and asylum seekers, mainly of sub-Saharan origin, many of whom were victims of growing racism and repression in Tunisia towards people on the move.",{"children":472},[473],{"text":474},"The violent raid of the 3rd May 2024 was carried out without any warning by Tunisian authorities: police, Intelligence Services and Garde Nationale. As the holder of an asylum seeker card issued by the UNHCR, Abdallah should have been guaranteed protection in Tunisia. Instead, after the eviction, he was arrested along with about 500 other people and loaded onto buses by Tunisian security forces. Later the group was abandoned near the Algerian-Tunisian border without knowing where to go, and without food or water.",{"children":476},[477],{"text":478},"In his roundabout, lengthy and violent journey, Abdallah was forcibly taken again from Tunis after returning following his initial deportation. This time in a police vehicle to the Niger-Algerian border, where he was instructed to cross and later exposed to arbitrary detention and imprisonment in the city of Tebessa and Tamenrasset. Following a period of detention in Algeria Abdallah was eventually deported to Niger, where after arriving in Assamaka on the Nigerien side of the border, he continued on his own, first to the city of Arlit and then to Agadez, the main centre in the north of the country. Abdallah is now at the UNHCR Humanitarian centre roughly 15 kilometres from the centre of Agadez.",{"children":480},[481],{"text":482},"In chilling detail, Abdallah’s story and that of his fellow deportees, including women and children highlight the ongoing violence faced by people on the move seeking security along Africa's northern coast. Their journey documented over two months of continuous displacement, and chronicled forced travel over thousands of kilometres, some by foot, some by deportations via bus, all the while traversing vast swathes of the north African continent. Ultimately leading the group to be intermittently detained and arrested without reason in detention centres where violence and abuse of detainees is standard procedure.",{},{"children":485},[486,488,490,492,494],{"text":487},"The chain of illegal pushbacks and deportations extending from Tunisia to Niger via Algeria outlined in our investigation is systematically conducted in violation of basic human rights, and otherwise well-known and documented by migrant rights defenders. According to the ",{"text":489},"World Organisation Against Torture",{"text":491}," (OMCT), the Tunisian authorities deported more than 9,000 people to the border between Tunisia and Algeria in 2024 and at least 7,000 to the border with ",{"text":493},"Libya",{"text":495},". With expulsions from Tunisia a relatively more recent phenomenon, and on the rise.",{"children":497},[498,500,502,504,505],{"text":499},"The number of people deported from Algeria to Niger has also steadily increased, even in the wake of the military coup in Niger in July 2023. Estimates from ",{"text":501},"Alarm Phone Sahara",{"text":503}," (APS) suggest that from the beginning of 2024 until April 26, at least 9,900 nationals from Niger and other sub-Saharan regions have been forcibly deported from Algeria to the Niger border. Evidence shows that these mass deportations are systematically conducted under violent and inhumane conditions, resulting in numerous injuries, trauma, and deaths. In Niger, one of the first measures taken by the new military junta that seized power in 2023 was to repeal Law 36 of 2015, which criminalised the illegal trafficking of migrants, effectively ending cooperation with the EU in this area. This also had repercussions on neighbouring countries. The increase in the flow of people from Niger to Algeria and ",{"text":493},{"text":506}," could be one of the factors that, in reaction, has contributed to an increase in expulsions from those same countries.",{"children":508},[509],{"text":510},"There are two types of deportation to Niger. There are the so-called 'official' convoys, named after an agreement signed between Algeria and Niger in 2014: the authorities of the two countries agree to deliver repatriated Nigerien citizens directly to Assamaka, a small town in Niger. In contrast, 'unofficial' convoys are for all persons of other nationalities who are instead abandoned at the so-called 'point zero'. This is a point in the middle of nowhere, in the desert, on the border between the two countries, from which those expelled are forced to walk about 15 kilometres to Assamaka. The latter of which Abdallah was victim of.",{},{},{"children":514},[515,517,519,521,523],{"text":516},"At the time of publication Abdallah and his group of fellow deportees were located in the UNHCR camp on the outskirts of Agadez, ",{"text":518},"Niger",{"text":520},". The facility which opened in 2018, supported by European and Italian funds, is run by the Nigerien government together with UNHCR and other partner organisations. In mid-September 2025, it housed about 2,000 people, many of whom came from Sudan and other sub-Saharan African countries. They are refugees, but above all asylum seekers, waiting for the Nigerien state to respond to their applications for international protection, sometimes for years. According to ",{"text":522},"Infomigrants",{"text":524},", most of them arrived after being expelled into the desert by Algerian forces.",{"children":526},[527,529,531],{"text":528},"Refugees in Libya describes the facility as a 'desert detention camp', as documented in their recent publication ",{"text":530},"Book of Shame: How UNHCR Fails to Protect Refugees in Libya, Tunisia, and Niger",{"text":532},". Abdallah reports that he is trapped in this inhumane camp amid daily protests involving men, women, and children, against the degrading living conditions at the facility. The conditions in the camp, as well as the ongoing protest and appeals to the UNHCR and international community have been widely documented by the press and organizations supporting migrant rights.",{"children":534},[535,537,539,541,543,545,547],{"text":536},"Following the continued suffering and insecurity faced by Abdallah and other fellow deportees at the camp, their story has become the basis of a formal complaint to The United Nations Human Rights Committee, lodged by The ",{"text":538},"Association for Juridical Studies on Immigration",{"text":540}," (ASGI) and requesting the urgent provision of humanitarian aid to those displaced. In addition to this a report has been published by investigative journalism outlet ",{"text":542},"IrpiMedia",{"text":544}," as part of their 'Desert ",{"text":546},"Dumps' ",{"text":548},"series, which highlights the systematic nature or deportations to Niger and the involvement of the European Union. What is new in Abdallah's case is the chain of expulsions from one country to another, which according to the most recent data and analyses is confirmed to be a widespread practice.","Reconstructing the complex mechanism of deportations and expulsions leading vulnerable refugees from Africa’s Mediterranean coast deep into the Sahara Desert ","2025-09-25T14:34:00.000Z","Funders: European Research Council  \nCollaborators: Refugees in Libya, The Association for Juridical Studies on Immigration",[553],{"field":416},{"_type":199,"current":555},"the-deportation-chain",[557],{"title":558},"Investigation",{"_id":560,"_translations":561,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":579,"credits":572,"introText":65,"location":580,"slug":583,"tags":584,"textDate":65,"title":578},"67c6752c-bad6-469f-88b4-59c14cf82a3c",[562,571],{"_id":563,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":564,"externalLink":565,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":65,"language":566,"languageTitle":567,"slug":568,"title":570},"3ccebfd4-7796-400d-8597-09508fef690c","Journal: The New Arab","https://www.newarab.com/investigations/france-no-justice-syrian-migrant-drowned-after-police-chase","en","English",{"_type":199,"current":569},"france-failing-to-probe-police-role-in-syrian-migrant-drowning","France failing to probe police role in Syrian migrant drowning",{"_id":560,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":572,"externalLink":573,"hasLatinAlphabet":65,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":61,"language":574,"languageTitle":575,"slug":576,"title":578},"العربي الجديد","https://www.alaraby.co.uk/investigations/غرقى-المانش-مهاجرون-يدفعون-ثمن-تنسيق-لندن-وباريس?fbclid=PAQ0xDSwLgy59leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABp8s5oewKJ_rzrdraRaSdCfFi-uSwsldDGonc4kNMhb4FntrO-gM_P3jU0g1x_aem_Zb8zCJ06fo8ltBi-IZ9cjA","ar","عربي",{"_type":199,"current":577},"wfah-jmah-alhsn","غرقى المانش... مهاجرون يدفعون ثمن تنسيق لندن وباريس","2025-07-13T13:00:00.000Z",[581],{"field":582},"The Channel",{"_type":199,"current":577},[585],{"title":203},{"_id":587,"_translations":588,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":589,"credits":590,"introText":65,"location":591,"slug":593,"tags":595,"textDate":65,"title":597},"cd9c23f1-dc1c-4a72-adb0-05815e415e0b",[],"2025-07-08T06:30:00.000Z","Le journal: Disclose",[592],{"field":582},{"_type":199,"current":594},"mort-de-jumaa-al-hasan-exile-syrien-la-police-mise-en-cause",[596],{"title":203},"Mort de Jumaa al-Hasan, exilé syrien : la police mise en cause",{"_id":599,"_translations":600,"body":601,"cardExcerpt":724,"createdAt":725,"credits":726,"introText":724,"location":727,"slug":729,"tags":731,"textDate":65,"title":733},"e336bcc4-3e68-4a65-97e5-31fca6fe4701",[],[602,614,615,623,627,639,643,647,655,656,657,669,673,677,681,685,689,693,697,701,702,703,704,716,720],{"children":603},[604,606,608,610,612],{"text":605},"On the evening of the 2nd of March 2024, an inflatable boat set out on the Aa River, its passengers hoping to reach the UK by crossing the Channel. Along the Canal, groups of people were trying to embark, among them was 27-year-old Jumaa al-Hasan. As tensions flared along the canal caused by the police attempting to prevent the group from boarding the moving vessel, Jumaa al-Hasan was discovered hiding near the water’s edge. Trapped between the suffocating cloud of teargas and the muddy river, he made a desperate choice: he jumped into the canal. Within moments, he vanished beneath the surface. ",{"text":607},"Directly after his disappearance friends and witnesses who were on the boat pleaded with the authorities to search for him, but their appeals were met with silence and indifference.",{"text":609}," Seven days after his disappearance, Jumaa al-Hasan’s uncle Mohamed al-Mohamed al-Hasan travelled to Calais hoping to find his nephew. He went to the police station to report the disappearance, trying to file a complaint and convince the authorities to continue the search, but the complaint was rejected and turned into a simple log entry. Nine days after the disappearance, his family, supported by activist groups made a public ",{"text":611},"appeal",{"text":613}," for the case to be reopened and for the search to continue. On the morning of March 19, 2024, 16 days after Jumaa al-Hasan disappeared, his body was found in the Aa canal, just 500m away from where he had last been seen.",{},{"children":616},[617,619,621],{"text":618},"To escape increasing police patrols, tear gas attacks and interceptions on the beaches, migrants have been forced to take even greater ",{"text":620},"risk.",{"text":622}," Nawras*, one of the witnesses we spoke to as part of our investigation described the increasingly dangerous situation on the French side of The Channel:",{"children":624},[625],{"text":626},"“In Calais, at any moment, you could get arrested. If you were in a group of two or three people, the police would come and take you away. So, those who wanted to reach the UK were willing to take any risk. A damaged boat, a broken engine, someone dead, someone alive – it didn’t matter, as long as they could get out and never see the police again.” - Nawras*",{"children":628},[629,631,633,635,637],{"text":630},"To avoid the dangerous security risk along the beaches people on the move on the French side of The Channel have turned to the rivers and canals. In certain areas of Hauts-de-France, the police have installed floating barriers to block boat passage, such as on the Canche ",{"text":632},"River",{"text":634}," and the Authie ",{"text":636},"River.",{"text":638}," The police have also adapted their operations by following the boats as soon as they are spotted. ",{"children":640},[641],{"text":642},"“They didn’t care about the people here – their only concern was the boat. They wanted to go after the boat. When we turned back, the police turned back with us.” - Nasser*",{"children":644},[645],{"text":646},"However, under current guidelines, French police are only permitted to intervene offshore in cases where passengers are in distress. In effect, this policy allows officers to halt boats before departure but limits their actions once the boats are at sea or in the canal. These policies and the police presence along the riverbanks create a hostile environment – where police try to prevent anyone from embarking by force, turning the moment of boarding a dinghy into a life-threatening attempt to escape. ",{"children":648},[649,651,653],{"text":650},"This intentional endangerment of human life is evident in Jumaa al-Hasan’s case, where a group of policemen approached him from behind, trapping him between the tear gas and the river. The French government now plans to expand these policies further and to enable officers to intervene in the water up to 300 metres from the coast, which would also include their intervention along rivers and inland ",{"text":652},"waterways.",{"text":654}," This will likely increase the tensions and danger that people experience when trying to cross The Channel.",{},{},{"children":658},[659,661,663,665,667],{"text":660},"After a thorough investigation LIMINAL, ",{"text":662},"INDEX",{"text":664}," and the journalists collective ",{"text":666},"Hors-Cadre",{"text":668}," were able to locate four survivors who agreed to testify in detail about the events that led to Jumaa al-Hasan's disappearance, revealing a different side of the story. Their testimonies, cross-referenced with additional data and official documents, allowed us to reconstruct the incident in a 3D digital model. This model served as a spatial framework to document and synchronize the survivors’ testimonies, enabling us to reconstruct the sequence of events leading to Jumaa al-Hasan’s disappearance. These testimonies not only shed light on the circumstances of his death but also expose the broader desperation of those attempting to leave France, a country where migrants often find themselves trapped in a state of limbo, waiting for an opportunity to escape. Nawras* and Nasser* reflected: ",{"children":670},[671],{"text":672},"“Just hearing the word \"France\" makes my mind automatically associate it with cold, fear, hunger, humiliation, and – to be honest – death.” - Nawras*",{"children":674},[675],{"text":676},"“We set off at a time when we were desperate to leave. I mean, whichever route you take, you're taking a risk – you could die, you could get caught, anything could happen to you. You don’t want to take risks, but at that time, with all the hardship we went through in France, I just wanted to get out.” - Nasser*",{"children":678},[679],{"text":680},"During the Situated Testimonies several of the witnesses we spoke to recall the indifference that they were met with by the police:",{"children":682},[683],{"text":684},"“What I experienced from the police – their response – was total indifference. Not in the sense of aggression. They didn’t act violently toward me or anything like that. But they treated me as if I was just asking for permission to visit a friend, not to save him.” - Nawras*",{"children":686},[687],{"text":688},"Official sources have stated that the police called the fire brigade at 11.19pm. By that time, people were stuck in the mud next to the Vauban lock. The firefighters helped to recover people from the mud and later searched the area with a drone – two of the witness remember the sounds of it. The firefighter’s report indicates the time of the drone deployment to be between 23:29 and 01:29. The Search for a Missing person that night took 2h and 8 minutes and concluded with “no one in the water”. The report also mentioned several groups that are visible on the docks. Survivors who were on the boat and disembarked later tried their best to look for Jumaa al-Hasan that night.",{"children":690},[691],{"text":692},"“At first, the police told us that the person who went into the water had come out. We didn’t respond to them. We went to the others who had gone into the river with us and started searching together. We searched for about half an hour, covering the entire area with flashlights. Since it was nighttime and dark, we searched everywhere, but we couldn’t find a trace of him.” - Bilal*",{"children":694},[695],{"text":696},"At 2.16am, the policemen told Utopia's team over the phone that the search was over. While the police stayed on the ground around the Vauban Basin the search for Jumaa al-Hasan was quickly put to an end.",{"children":698},[699],{"text":700},"“By dawn, we searched again, but we still didn’t find anything. Nothing at all. The police were still there, and they told us again that the person who went in had come out. That’s what happened when Jumaa drowned.” - Bilal*",{},{},{},{"children":705},[706,708,710,712,714],{"text":707},"After Jumaa al-Hasan’s body was found, the Dunkirk prosecutor's office opened an investigation to ‘determine the causes of death.' But the official investigation of the court of Lille is focusing its investigations on the boat drivers and ‘smuggling networks’, disregarding any possible involvement of police forces in the incident. Knowing that their actions are easy to justify and met with impunity, the police are free to continuously use aggressive methods to restrain people from crossing. Mr al-Hasan’s case is one of at least 366 people, who have died while trying to cross the Channel since 2011 – a number that has risen sharply over the past two ",{"text":709},"years.",{"text":711}," But it’s not only a rising number, as each one of these deaths at the border is a person that is missed by family and friends. ",{"text":713},"Those close to Jumaa al-Hasan are still seeking truth and justice for their loved one.",{"text":715}," The story of Jumaa al-Hasan is one of loss, of unanswered questions, and of a family’s relentless search for truth in the face of systemic indifference.",{"children":717},[718],{"text":719},"“No matter what legal decision is made, no matter the positive or negative repercussions of this incident, nothing will bring Jumaa back. Nothing will bring him back to his mother. [...] But at the very least, we must try to ensure that this never happens to another mother, another person, another father, or another brother.” - Nawras*\n",{"children":721},[722],{"text":723},"*All names in this text were changed for security reasons","A counter-investigation into the violent death of Jumaa al-Hasan during a police operation in Gravelines","2025-07-08T03:00:00.000Z","Funders: European Research Council \nCollaborators: INDEX, Hors Cadre, Utopia56",[728],{"field":582},{"_type":199,"current":730},"the_death_of_jumaa_al_hasan",[732],{"title":558},"The Death of Jumaa al-Hasan",{"_id":735,"_translations":736,"body":737,"cardExcerpt":845,"createdAt":846,"credits":847,"introText":845,"location":848,"slug":850,"tags":852,"textDate":65,"title":854},"8e153632-6dc9-4bf3-ae05-2c2c99ff3392",[],[738,749,750,751,759,767,771,772,773,785,797,801,805,806,833,841],{"children":739},[740,742,744,746,748],{"text":741},"Emptying The Sea is an investigation into the social and environmental impacts of Fishmeal & Fish Oil (FMFO) along The Gambian coast. The investigation was led by LIMINAL in the context of the ERC funded Hostile Environments project, and conducted in partnership with Malagen Investigative Journalism and The Gunjur Conservationists and Eco Tourism Association (CETAG). ",{"text":743},"The investigation focused on the waters off the coast of West Africa where industrial and extractive processes are driving environmental collapse and widespread displacement.",{"text":745}," Along the West African coast fish has for centuries been a staple food source for artisanal fishers and coastal communities, as well as a central element of their economy and culture. However, this ecosystem is under threat from the growing influence of predominantly Chinese-owned Fishmeal and Fish Oil (FMFO) factories which are appropriating vast amounts of pelagic fish stock, particularly in The Gambia. In lieu of government accountability and amidst increasing corruption our investigation sought to document and denounce the damaging socio-economic and environmental impacts of FMFO production in The Gambia, highlighting the ways in which these extractive practices push many to seek livelihoods ",{"text":747},"elsewhere",{"text":230},{},{},{"children":752},[753,755,757],{"text":754},"The investigation focused on key sites of acute environmental disruption along the Gambian shoreline, each home to foreign funded FMFO factories which are transforming the social and environmental dynamics of the surrounding fishing communities. The investigation utilised 3D forms of analysis and spatial reconstruction to document instances of ",{"text":756},"environmental degradation",{"text":758}," and amplify testimonies of affected communities. Whilst creating, for the first time, a geo-spatial database of environmental damage caused by The Gambia’s largest FMFO factory; the Golden Lead factory at Gunjur beach. ",{"children":760},[761,763,765],{"text":762},"Through open-source research methods and community outreach practices the investigation further documented the rise in corruption and evasive cooperate patterns surrounding The Gambia’s FMFO factories. With the emergence of the Gambian coast as a global FMFO market attracting vast amounts of largely Chinese capital, through the establishment of industrial FMFO factories at Gunjur, Sanyang and Kartong. Our investigation documented not only the social cost associated with increasing and widespread corruption but the modes of ",{"text":764},"resistance",{"text":766}," being implemented by local communities in the face of little political representation at a local, national and international level. ",{"children":768},[769],{"text":770},"During our investigation the development of methodologies in geo-spatial analysis and techniques in remote sensing aimed to widen the space of accountability for governmental organisations. And further, help equip local communities with the tools and resources to denounce the socially and environmentally unsustainable practices unfolding around them. Methodologies such as the monitoring of artisanal fishing activities with PlanetScope imagery using open-source software QGIS will be made publicly available via our website alongside our preliminary findings.",{},{},{"children":774},[775,777,779,781,783],{"text":776},"In addition to documenting the environmental and social impacts of FMFO production in The Gambia the investigation evidences how proteins subtracted from coastal communities in Western Africa are feeding Europe’s growing aquaculture and agriculture industries, whilst displacing an unknown number of coastal communities. These intensive EU farming practices dependant on FMFO products from Western Africa do not only constitute an environmental threat in themselves, they further ",{"text":778},"food insecurities",{"text":780},", with food products utilising Western African FMFO often exported back to the region as cheaper, less nutritious, sources of protein. Ultimately, driving forced ",{"text":782},"displacement",{"text":784}," throughout the West African coast as communities struggle to subsist off local proteins and fishing related industries. ",{"children":786},[787,789,791,793,795],{"text":788},"Whilst West Africa’s FMFO industry is predominantly funded through Chinese capital, ",{"text":790},"Changing Markets",{"text":792}," foundation have highlighted over ",{"text":794},"14 European companies",{"text":796}," importing FMFO products from the region in 2019. In the same year, these companies and others imported over 120,000 tons of fishmeal and 45,000 tons of fish oil from The Gambia, Senegal, and Mauritania to Europe. Imports which fuel social and environmental degradation along The Gambian coast, as highlighted in the testimony of a project participant and women fish vendor who tragically lost her life since providing this account of the hardships bought about by FMFO production. ",{"children":798},[799],{"text":800},"“This factory [Nessim Factory Sayang], frankly, is not good for us. Because, if we look at it, like right now, sometimes we go there and we don’t find fish. The fish they catch is not always good fish. They catch any fish their hands come across. And the fish we use are carefully selected, some types of fish we do not need. But the kind of fish they catch is usually mixed. Sometimes even for us to get fish it becomes difficult. Recently we have seen them implement new regulations, but the fishermen normally go straight to the factory, even if they have good fish. If they have good fish, they prefer to give it to the factory rather than give it to us. At least now we have seen a new administration, and our complains have reached them. And the fishermen were told that if they arrive with fish, the citizens who are there should be get it first before it goes to the factory. Right now, we say that its it good for us because we can get our food but, in the future, it is not good for us. Because of what we breath when we go there, what the machines spit out. Truly it is not good for our health. If the factory starts, even if you are home, you can smell the stinky odour.” ",{"children":802},[803],{"text":804},"“Secondly, it is this factory that makes fish expensive here, because if they are fishing, they fish out everything. These ‘Fila turnes’ that go there usually carry along all the baby fish that is not useful for us. The fish that should reproduce for tomorrow all goes that way. The factory makes fish expensive in The Gambia, we think that it helps us but if you come to look at it closely, this factory does not help us, it does not help us because it makes fish expensive here. It makes it difficult in The Gambia here.”",{},{"children":807},[808,810,812,814,816,818,820,821,823,825,827,829,831],{"text":809},"Europe's (and in particular Spain’s) role in resource extraction and FMFO production along the West African coast happens against a backdrop of ",{"text":811},"border externalisation",{"text":813},", which seek to immobilise the very peoples ",{"text":815},"displaced",{"text":817}," by extractive policies and practices. ",{"text":819},"Future investigations alongside Italian investigative journalism outlet ",{"text":542},{"text":822}," and Spanish NGO ",{"text":824},"porCausa",{"text":826}," will trace the involvement of Spain and Italy in border externalisation, the criminalisation of migrants and resource extraction throughout the region.",{"text":828}," In turn, highlighting the duality of Europe’s role in further ",{"text":830},"bilateral fishing agreements",{"text":832}," which ultimately drive forms of migrations they latter attempt to stop. ",{"children":834},[835,837,839],{"text":836},"These interlinking patterns of migration, criminalisation and resource extraction reveal a complex network of mobility between both ECOWAS nations and their European neighbors. Unfolding across a time in which certain forms of mobility have been increasingly criminalized by European actors in the region: negotiating the establishment of outposts by the Spanish Guardia Civil as well ",{"text":838},"Frontex",{"text":840},", the European border and coast guard agency; signing deportation agreements with West African states; and criminalizing those coming from West African coastal communities as dangerous smugglers when caught (allegedly) driving migrant boats to Spain or Italy, weaponising their in-depth knowledge of the sea against them. ",{"children":842},[843],{"text":844},"Future research efforts aim to document these ongoing practices of faced by migrants on European Soil. Throughout prisons in The Canary Islands and Sicily dozens of both West and North African fisherfolk await trial, accused of human trafficking after navigating repurposed fishing vessels to European shores. Common throughout their stories is their displacement from their coastal homes in the face of dwindling fish stocks, and the growing demands of Europe's consumer markets. Future research in this space aims to follow their stories, and the role of Spanish and Italian actors in both their incarceration and the pillage of their coastal waters.","An investigation into the social and environmental impact of Fishmeal & Fish Oil production along the Senegambian coast","2025-05-28T09:28:00.000Z","Funders: European Research Council\nCollaborators: Malagen, CETAG, Itinerant Works",[849],{"field":197},{"_type":199,"current":851},"emptying_the_sea",[853],{"title":558},"Emptying the Sea",{"_id":856,"_translations":857,"body":858,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":903,"credits":904,"introText":905,"location":906,"slug":909,"tags":911,"textDate":65,"title":914},"d8e92b6a-dde2-4be1-a3a3-e810564fd516",[],[859,871,879,891],{"children":860},[861,863,865,867,869],{"text":862},"Listening to the sounds and voices of the slow, everyday violence of the UK’s Hostile Environment, ‘",{"text":864},"all our lines are busy",{"text":866},"’, trying to patch the endless holes in a leaking bucket, ‘",{"text":868},"you made yourself intentionally homeless",{"text":870},"’. Learning from scattered seeds—small and fragile—carried by the wind, surrendering their fate to wherever it blows, or the snail that leaves its shell behind for other insects to make it their home, in a quiet, generous gesture.",{"children":872},[873,875,877],{"text":874},"In this creative storytelling session, supposedly ‘academic’ concepts around migration are interwoven with poetic conversations and shared stories of lived experiences of survival and resistance from the cracks of the UK’s hostile environment. These are combined with music, as well as sound recordings and quotes gathered from women who came together for a creative research residential on the ‘No Recourse to Public Funds’ ",{"text":876},"policy",{"text":878},". The residential formed part of Rebekka Hölzle’s doctoral research with a group of London-based migrant women activists, three of whom – Amanda, Faiza, and Mary – joined the performance as storytellers and creative collaborators.",{"children":880},[881,883,885,887,889],{"text":882},"The creative conceptualisation of the session emerged through a collaboration between artist ",{"text":884},"Rachel Margetts",{"text":886}," and interdisciplinary researcher ",{"text":888},"Rebekka Hölzle",{"text":890},". Both are committed to exploring artistic and academic practices that use different creative media to craft more collaborative and ‘care-full’ forms of storytelling and research with communities targeted by hostile migration and welfare regimes. The performance playfully blurs the boundaries between academia, activism, and the arts. It is thought of as an invitation to re-imagine and expand the formats and voices represented at academic conferences, and consider how stories and knowledges are disseminated and shared within and beyond academic settings.",{"children":892},[893,895,897,899,901],{"text":894},"Recordings available via ",{"text":896},"Rebekka Hölzle’s Soundcloud",{"text":898},". The research project that this performance was based upon formed part of Rebekka Hölzle’s PhD at Birkbeck university, and the fieldwork took place in partnership with the ",{"text":900},"South London Refugee Association",{"text":902},". Rebekka is in receipt of an ESRC grant for her PhD. The residential was funded by the OSUN Foundation’s Engaged Research grant .","2025-02-21T15:46:00.000Z","Artistic Co-Production: Rebekka Hölzle, Rachel Margetts\nHost: Turf Projects","A collective creative storytelling session performed at  LIMINAL’s Lexicon II - Hostility & Infrastructures of Care’ event in London",[907],{"field":908},"London",{"_type":199,"current":910},"where-the-wind-blows-them",[912],{"title":913},"Event","Where the Wind Blows Them",{"_id":916,"_translations":917,"body":918,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1050,"credits":1051,"introText":1052,"location":1053,"slug":1055,"tags":1057,"textDate":65,"title":1059},"120dbbae-eee8-49d0-b509-f6821094befe",[],[919,924,936,948,964,988,999,1007,1019,1035],{"children":920},[921,922,923],{"text":212},{"text":214},{"text":216},{"children":925},[926,928,930,932,934],{"text":927},"Lexicon II, was the second of a short series of events organised by LIMINAL around a set of key terms that we aim to (re-)define collectively as part of the ",{"text":929},"critical lexicon",{"text":931}," we are developing. It was held in London in February 2025, a three-day event, it took place via multiple formats and across multiple locations – from the CRA, Goldsmiths, to Turf Projects in ",{"text":933},"Croydon",{"text":935}," – site of the UK Home Office, to the David Lean Cinema and the Royal College of Art (RCA). Its aim was to bring together scholars, artists, writers and activists to unpack two interrelated terms: \"hostility\" and \"infrastructures of care”.",{"children":937},[938,940,942,944,946],{"text":939},"In public discussions, the immigration policy referred to as the hostile environment is often conveniently confined to 14 years of Conservative Party rule in the UK. Yet, a “generalised atmosphere of hostility” (Couze Venn) can be said to have characterised Western governments approach to immigration for decades, and even more now so with the far-right in power in many places around the world. Starting from the situation in the UK but situating it within a wider historical and geographical framework, on day one, participants gathered at the ",{"text":941},"CRA",{"text":943}," in Deptford Town ",{"text":945},"Hall",{"text":947}," to hear from a panel of activists with deep knowledge and experience in campaigning against racist borders to reflect on the insidiousness of hostile environments and the practices needed to dismantle them. ",{"children":949},[950,952,954,956,958,960,962],{"text":951},"The panel was composed of; Fizza Qureshi -CEO, Migrants’ Rights Network- who reflected on MRNs work on the ‘",{"text":953},"Hostile Office’",{"text":955}," which evidences how the UK Home Office is ‘racist by design’ and the dehumanising policies and language adopted by the UK Home Office, rooted in colonial histories. She drew attention to how ‘care’ may be weaponised and used as a means of enacting hostility, such as in the ‘smash the gangs’ as a benevolent act, a means to ‘save’ people. Alice Elliot - Senior Lecturer in Anthropology, Goldsmiths also raised the issue of ‘care’ being used to ‘protect’ people from smugglers and the fallacy of care as security. Gee Manoharan -Co-Director of Policy and Influencing, AVID, who has himself lived experience of the hostile environment in the UK hauntingly spoke of how it may be ‘felt in your bones’ or experienced as smell, and of how care can be found in acts of solidarity, such as ",{"text":957},"AVIDs",{"text":959}," work of visiting detainees. Gracie Mae Bradley -Writer, policy expert, campaigner, and James McCune Smith Scholar, Glasgow University, shared her work with Liberty on the ",{"text":961},"Care Don’t Share",{"text":963}," report and drew attention to the pervasiveness of the hostile environment, how it affects all racialised people, not just those considered ‘migrants’. ",{"children":965},[966,968,970,972,974,976,978,980,982,984,986],{"text":967},"Day two saw participants travel to Croydon, to the homegrown artist ",{"text":969},"space",{"text":971}," ",{"text":973},"Turf Projects",{"text":975},". In the duality of its arrival harbour for historical and recent migration, as well as a symbol of brutal practices of expulsion (as seat of the infamous Home Office visa and immigration offices and a borough undergoing violent gentrification), Croydon embodies the practices of care and hostility. Moving across its urban landscapes and dwelling in specially commissioned soundscapes, participants in this workshop reflected upon the imposed precarity of life, forms of everyday bordering, as well as practices of solidarity. Interventions involved the ",{"text":977},"Forever Temporary",{"text":979}," exhibition by artists Nicolaas van de Lande and Lucía Scarselletta, a creative storytelling session from the cracks of the hostile environment, and a meditation on care-full practices in academia and beyond entitiled 'Where the Wind Blows Them by Rebekka Hölzle and Rachel Margetts with Amanda, Faiza, Fahmida, and Mary – recording available ",{"text":981},"here",{"text":983},"; and a talk by Akil Scafe Smith – ",{"text":985},"Resolve Collective",{"text":987}," who gave a potted history of the urban inequalities in Croydon and the spaces of care that have emerged in response. ",{"children":989},[990,992,994,996,997],{"text":991},"The evening saw a film screening at the ",{"text":993},"David Lean Cinema",{"text":995}," in ",{"text":933},{"text":998},". A trio of films traversing the city of London which together present three distinct and experimental methods of mapping and mobilising against localised yet globally entangled atmospheres of racialized hostility, from London’s early emergence as a global city to the present day.",{"children":1000},[1001,1003,1005],{"text":1002},"The third and final day saw a gathering at the RCA organised in collaboration with the ",{"text":1004},"RCA MA City Design",{"text":1006}," and co-hosted by Charlotte Grace and Dubravka Sekulic. Speakers sought to redefine care and hostility through a collective discussion. The day involved the following discussions:",{"children":1008},[1009,1011,1013,1015,1017],{"text":1010},"Speaking on: ‘compliancy and the intimate border’ were Yasmin Gunaratnam - Professor in Social Justice, Centre for Public Policy Research, Kings College, University of London who spoke of ecologies of fear, fragmentation and the ",{"text":1012},"connections with the ongoing Israeli genocide in Gaza",{"text":1014},". Helen Brewer, writer, researcher, and Associate Lecturer at the Royal College of Art who spoke of the ",{"text":1016},"making of the Compliant Environment",{"text":1018}," through the internal management of migrant “care & custody”. Compliance is conceptualised as a form of self-regulatory violence, disciplining and orientating migrants toward potential economic and social inclusion for the control and order of the internal border.",{"children":1020},[1021,1023,1025,1027,1029,1031,1033],{"text":1022},"In conversation on A heavy non presence’- state ‘care’ and strategies for survival the writer and editor Derica Shields and Kodwo Eshun – writer, theorist and filmmaker, and Lecturer in the Centre for Research Architecture discussed and reflected on Derica’s oral history project ",{"text":1024},"A Heavy Nonpresence",{"text":1026}," and connections with the Otolith film ",{"text":1028},"Infinity minus infinity",{"text":1030}," (2019) - which engages with the compounded duress of the hostile environment, and the film ",{"text":1032},"On Duty",{"text":1034}," (1983), based on the documentary testimony and the fictionalisation of the experiences of Rita Maxim, a Dominican born auxiliary worker and union official, during the campaign against the Thatcherite privatization of the NHS.",{"children":1036},[1037,1039,1041,1043,1045,1047,1049],{"text":1038},"Speaking to ways in which we might redefine practices of care were Leah Bassel – Professor of Politics and International Studies at the Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, University of Coventry, who spoke about the ",{"text":1040},"Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal (PPT) hearing, ‘The hostile environment on trial’",{"text":1042},", which took place in London in 2018. Valeria Graziano a cultural theorist and organizer, researching militant practices of work refusal and repair spoke about ",{"text":1044},"Pirate Care",{"text":1046}," – a necessary practice of disobedient care in the face of the increasing attacks on the freedom to simply care for one another by the powerful, and the criminalisation of acts of solidarity. Travis Van Isacker, an activist and Senior Research Associate at the ESRC Centre for Sociodigital Futures at the University of Bristol spoke about infrastructures of care in the practices of solidarity for those criminalised by the ‘stop the boats’ discourse and polices in the UK as well as the ",{"text":1048},"damaging nature of the polices of the UK government",{"text":230},"2025-02-20T15:45:00.000Z","Funders: European Research Council\nCollaborators: Brixton Community Cinema, CRA, RCA & Turf Projects","A three-day event in London bringing together scholars, artists, writers and activists to re-define hostility and infrastructures of care",[1054],{"field":908},{"_type":199,"current":1056},"lexicon-event-ii",[1058],{"title":913},"Lexicon Event II",{"_id":1061,"_translations":1062,"body":1063,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1230,"credits":1231,"introText":1232,"location":1233,"slug":1235,"tags":1237,"textDate":65,"title":1240},"0a14b465-f933-43a5-810c-6ddb7fcfac2b",[],[1064,1072,1073,1077,1081,1084,1088,1092,1093,1097,1101,1104,1108,1109,1113,1117,1120,1123,1127,1128,1132,1136,1142,1146,1147,1151,1155,1159,1160,1164,1168,1171,1174,1175,1179,1183,1186,1190,1191,1195,1199,1202,1206,1210,1211,1215,1219,1222,1226],{"children":1065},[1066,1068,1070],{"text":1067},"The Boat, The Fish & The Net is a 12-part radio series, convened by LIMINAL in collaboration with Home Digital FM & The Gunjur Environmentalists & Ecotourism Association. The series finds its name in the iconic pirogue vessels of the coast’s artisanal fishing communities, the vital marine ecologies they depend upon, and the nets they work with - both those used to catch fish, and the nets of surveillance and control which encompass West Africa’s Atlantic waters. ",{"text":1069},"Each episode convenes a series of panellists from communities and organisations dealing with issues surrounding overfishing, FMFO production, migration, and border externalisation in The Gambia.",{"text":1071}," Each episode was moderated by LIMINAL researcher Dr Alagie Jinkang and Gambian activist FamaraJawara, assisted by Home Digital FM anchor Pa Alieu Fall.The program was recorded at Home Digital FMs studio in Brikama, with the majority of the program in Mandinka and Wolof. A selection of episodes from the series subtitled in Englishare accessible here, and via LIMINAL’s Vimeo channel.",{},{"children":1074},[1075],{"text":1076},"2024/09/20",{"children":1078},[1079],{"text":1080},"Environmental Effects of Illegal Fishing, FMFO Factories & Foreign Trawlers",{"children":1082},[1083],{"text":44},{"children":1085},[1086],{"text":1087},"Ahmed Manjang",{"children":1089},[1090],{"text":1091},"Ousman J Sanyang",{},{"children":1094},[1095],{"text":1096},"2024/09/27",{"children":1098},[1099],{"text":1100},"Struggles, Resistance & Advocacy in Fishing Communities",{"children":1102},[1103],{"text":44},{"children":1105},[1106],{"text":1107},"Alieu Bah",{},{"children":1110},[1111],{"text":1112},"2024/09/30",{"children":1114},[1115],{"text":1116},"The Social, Political, Economic & Cultural Value of Traditional Fishing Practices",{"children":1118},[1119],{"text":44},{"children":1121},[1122],{"text":1087},{"children":1124},[1125],{"text":1126},"Yusupha Jassey",{},{"children":1129},[1130],{"text":1131},"2024/10/04",{"children":1133},[1134],{"text":1135},"Challenges & Opportunities for Women Fisherfolk in The Gambia",{"children":1137},[1138,1140],{"text":1139},"\n",{"text":1141},"Fatima Mendy",{"children":1143},[1144],{"text":1145},"Matty Ngom",{},{"children":1148},[1149],{"text":1150},"2024/10/07",{"children":1152},[1153],{"text":1154},"Fisheries & Migration in The Gambia",{"children":1156},[1157,1158],{"text":1139},{"text":1087},{},{"children":1161},[1162],{"text":1163},"2024/10/11",{"children":1165},[1166],{"text":1167},"Border Externalisation, Migration & Stories of Coastal Displacement in The Gambian",{"children":1169},[1170],{"text":1087},{"children":1172},[1173],{"text":1126},{},{"children":1176},[1177],{"text":1178},"2024/10/17",{"children":1180},[1181],{"text":1182},"Landing Sites, Markets & The Gambia’s Fishing Infrastructure",{"children":1184},[1185],{"text":44},{"children":1187},[1188],{"text":1189},"Buba Jarju",{},{"children":1192},[1193],{"text":1194},"2024/10/29",{"children":1196},[1197],{"text":1198},"Advantages & Disadvantages of Traditional & Industrial Fishing Techniques in The Gambia",{"children":1200},[1201],{"text":44},{"children":1203},[1204],{"text":1205},"Demba Ndong",{"children":1207},[1208],{"text":1209},"Alagie Jafunneh",{},{"children":1212},[1213],{"text":1214},"2024/11/04",{"children":1216},[1217],{"text":1218},"Health & Sustainability of Fishing Infrastructure; Landing Sites & Fishing Markets",{"children":1220},[1221],{"text":44},{"children":1223},[1224],{"text":1225},"Sedia Drammeh",{"children":1227},[1228],{"text":1229},"Baba Sawaneh","2024-11-15T13:52:00.000Z","Host: Home Digital FM \nCollaborators: The Gunjur Conservationists & Ecotourism Association","A series of radio broadcasts on overfishing, migration and border externalisation in The Gambia.",[1234],{"field":197},{"_type":199,"current":1236},"the-boat-the-fish-and-the-net",[1238],{"title":1239},"Radio","The Boat, the Fish & the Net",{"_id":1242,"_translations":1243,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1255,"credits":1245,"introText":65,"location":1256,"slug":1259,"tags":1260,"textDate":65,"title":1250},"542f80fc-7138-4e6f-a5f0-51d9c0ee6fce",[1244,1251],{"_id":1242,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":1245,"externalLink":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":74,"language":1246,"languageTitle":1247,"slug":1248,"title":1250},"Host: Festival d’Automne\nLocation: Le Centquatre, Paris","fr","Français",{"_type":199,"current":1249},"from-sea-to-sky","From Sea to Sky",{"_id":1252,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":1245,"externalLink":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":65,"language":566,"languageTitle":567,"slug":1253,"title":1250},"3914e5f8-fa2a-4932-8af8-197c324ce05f",{"_type":199,"current":1254},"from-sea-to-sky-en","2024-10-05T10:35:00.000Z",[1257],{"field":1258},"Central Mediterranean",{"_type":199,"current":1249},[1261],{"title":1262},"Exhibition",{"_id":1264,"_translations":1265,"body":1266,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1344,"credits":1345,"introText":1346,"location":65,"slug":1347,"tags":1349,"textDate":65,"title":1352},"d1074bca-7e39-4935-8dc5-dd685d670f10",[],[1267,1271,1277,1305,1327,1337,1341],{"children":1268},[1269],{"text":1270},"The concept of “border environments” attempts to capture two distant, yet interconnected processes. On the one hand, it emerges from the acknowledgement that, across the world, state borders have been increasingly militarised and illegalised migrants forced to take more dangerous journeys. With legal ways of access such as visas foreclosed, many of those trying to reach countries of the Global North have in the last few years been funneled into more and more inhospitable and hazardous terrains—arid deserts, choppy seas, rugged mountain chains—with the assumption that the risk of injury and death they will face will deter them from attempting the crossing. In the last few years alone, several thousand people have died while crossing these hostile environments, whose material geographies have been weaponised as crucial tools of border control.",{"children":1272},[1273,1275],{"text":1274},"On the other hand, across and beyond urban geographies in the Global North, a generalised atmosphere of hostility has led to shrinking forms of social protection for those classified as outsiders, with legislation passed to deny migrants access to work, housing, services and education. In the UK, which through its “hostile environment” policies has arguably been at the forefront of such process, the deputization of border controls to a wide range of figures (doctors, teachers and university lecturers, but also landlords, bank employees and driving instructors) has conjured up a diffused “atmosphere of surveillance” that has infiltrated the most elementary infrastructures of living, a form of racialized violence that has become, in terms proposed by Christina Sharpe, as pervasive as the ",{"text":1276},"weather.",{"children":1278},[1279,1281,1283,1285,1287,1289,1291,1293,1295,1297,1299,1301,1303],{"text":1280},"Thinking through the terms “border” and “environment” together, within the same conceptual frame, is first of all an invitation to reflect on how both civic and natural spaces have been turned into spaces of hostility forthose racialized as other.",{"text":1282}," In both cases, the border becomes a pervasive environment that subtracts life-sustaining resources (e.g., water, food, rescue, healthcare provisions) and exposes ",{"text":1284},"illegalised",{"text":1286}," migrants to harsh socio-natural conditions (e.g., extreme heat or cold, chronic food and sleep deprivation, lack of access to any social support). ",{"text":1288},"Environments",{"text":1290},", here, does not simply refer to the “environs of humans” (that which is around and outside of us) but rather to a dynamic, socionatural space: “a society of societies, an international arena, a ",{"text":1292},"cosmopoliteia”",{"text":1294}," that is composed by multi-scalar and multi-temporal interactions across a range of human and more-than-human entities. Similarly, ",{"text":1296},"borders",{"text":1298}," are understood not as fixed but ",{"text":1300},"mobile",{"text":1302},"; as discontinuous and porous zones with no clear territorial limits and “whose contours are continuously negotiated by the movement of people and things, new forms of surveillance technology, and new processes of supranational ",{"text":1304},"government”.",{"children":1306},[1307,1309,1311,1313,1315,1317,1319,1321,1323,1325],{"text":1308},"As a “ synthesis of nature, space, technology and law”, border environments represent an inversion, a critical “turning inside-out” of the concept of ",{"text":1310},"“natural border”.",{"text":1312}," The latter—a well-known trope of the modern era—provided the conceptual justification to the idea that borders are somehow the political expression of naturally existing, geophysically determined boundaries. As such, it “formed part of a constitutive myth of the state” and served to legitimize and rationalise the territorial claims of the then emerging European ",{"text":1314},"(empire-)states.",{"text":1316}," Thinking through the notion of border environments is instead a way to denaturalise the very existence of borders, point to their constructedness and instability, and to the violence required to keep them in place. Border environments are understood not as constituted by the intrinsic qualities of “nature”, but rather brought into being through legal geographies, surveillance technologies, and bureaucratic protocols.This is because an excessive focus on the harshness and hostility of these terrains tends to abstract “complex, bio-diverse ecology[ies]” into a “static image of wilderness […] as lethal and naturally unsuited to ",{"text":1318},"migrants”.",{"text":1320}," This process of epistemic erasure wilfully obliterates centuries of Indigenous inhabitation and trans-regional exchange. In doing so, it does not only risk reproducing (neo-)colonial narratives which, in order to justify violent dispossession and the genocide of Indigenous populations, have consistently described these areas as empty, remote, and unliveable. It also risks being co-opted into racialised conservationist narratives that describe migrants as a threat to the environment and the objects they leave behind as hazardous ",{"text":1322},"“trash”.",{"text":1324}," In order to counter the process of abstraction at work in such narratives, it is critical to account for the veritable process of design that is at stake in the becoming borders of oceans, deserts, and mountain ranges. It is when those classified as nonhumans — whether living or inert — are recognised as integral to and constitutive of boundary enforcement in the same ways in which border guards, national and international institutions, legal frameworks and surveillance systems are, that certain environments are being turned into rugged borders for specific categories of ",{"text":1326},"people.",{"children":1328},[1329,1331,1333,1335],{"text":1330},"The concept of border environments recognises that the environment is not solely a site of border control, but one of its modes of operation",{"text":1332},". It identifies how the environment must be understood as a technology in the formation and conservation of territory, shaping the border zone to be hostile to some, inviting to ",{"text":1334},"others.",{"text":1336}," It is in rethinking the border as environment that the border control practices mobilised in urban areas in the Global North, and those operating across oceans, deserts and mountains might be understood as different but intimately related expressions of the same logic of border control and of its expansive, multiscalar reach.",{"children":1338},[1339],{"text":1340},"This entry builds upon the book chapter: Pezzani, L., Percival, T. and Badano, R. (2023) ‘Border Environments: an introduction to the entangled politics of ecology and migration’, in R. Badano, T. Percival, and S. Schuppli (eds) Border Environments. Leipzig: Spector Books, pp. 7–13.",{"children":1342},[1343],{"text":44},"2024-05-19T22:00:00.000Z","Funders: European Research Council  ","Drawing together the two terms, unsettles the concepts of border and environment, and something else emerges. Border environments not as place but as a modality of power. ",{"_type":199,"current":1348},"border_environments",[1350],{"title":1351},"Lexicon","Border Environments  ",{"_id":1354,"_translations":1355,"body":1356,"cardExcerpt":1418,"createdAt":1419,"credits":1420,"introText":1421,"location":1422,"slug":1427,"tags":1429,"textDate":1432,"title":1433},"540a408a-cec1-4d60-a5ac-54263f6b9510",[],[1357,1373,1381,1382,1394,1400,1414],{"children":1358},[1359,1361,1363,1365,1367,1369,1371],{"text":1360},"Across the world, state borders are being increasingly militarised and migrants funnelled into more and more hazardous terrains such as oceans, mountain ranges and deserts. In the last few years alone, several thousands have died while crossing these hostile environments, whose material geographies are harnessed as crucial tools of border control. At the same time, across and beyond urban geographies in the Global North, a generalised atmosphere of hostility has led to shrinking forms of social protection for those classified as outsiders, with legislation passed to deny migrants access to work, housing, services and education. ",{"text":1362},"This project sets out to reframe the notion of “hostile environment”,",{"text":1364}," first introduced in the migration debate in the UK in 2012 to refer to such anti-migrant laws, as a conceptual and analytical lens to capture these distant but interconnected processes, whereby “natural” and civic spaces alike have been weaponised by extractive processes, surveillance technologies, border control practices and bureaucratic protocols. In all these cases, the border should be understood as a pervasive environment that subtracts life-sustaining resources (from water and food to rescue and healthcare provisions) and exposes migrants to harsh socio-natural conditions (not only extreme heat or cold, or chronic food and sleep deprivation, but also the lack of access to any social support). Here the environment stops being simply a ",{"text":1366},"site ",{"text":1368},"of border control, and rather becomes one of its ",{"text":1370},"modes ",{"text":1372},"of operation.",{"children":1374},[1375,1377,1379],{"text":1376},"Going beyond the catastrophist and security-oriented perspectives that dominate these debates, ",{"text":1378},"the Hostile Environments project (HEMIG)",{"text":1380}," will develop arts-based strategies of spatial and visual analysis to capture the entangled nature of border and environmental violence and its harmful effects. A multidisciplinary team will focus on three border environments located along a typical migrant trajectory linking Sub-Saharan Africa to northern Europe.",{},{"children":1383},[1384,1386,1388,1390,1392],{"text":1385},"The first border environments (the Gambian coastline and the desert border between Niger and Algeria) are located in Sub-Saharan Africa, where long-standing exchange networks and mobilities have been illegalised through European authorities’ border externalisation practices. These areas have been subjected also to what might referred to as forms of ",{"text":1387},"“accumulation by displacement”",{"text":1389},", i.e. intensified practices of capitalist extraction that by depleting resources and creating toxic sacrifice zones often lead, in complex and non-linear ways, to ",{"text":1391},"displacement.",{"text":1393}," This first part of the project will focus on instances in which Hostile Environments emerge at the intersection of border violence and resource extraction in the context of global climate change, or, in other words, where resource frontiers encounter bordering practices.",{"children":1395},[1396,1398],{"text":1397},"The second border environment comprises two locations where actual European borders are crossed: the Central Mediterranean and the Alps. While geographically quite distant, these sites are connected through European migration policies that lock land and sea in a continuum, as the hardening of Europe’s internal borders is triggered by the arrivals of migrants on Italian shores. Here we will pay particular attention to how the pervasiveness of border surveillance and the weaponisation of borders’ material and legal geographies create Hostile Environments. At the same time, we will also inquire into how solidarity groups attempt to open up spaces of “pirate care” against these ",{"text":1399},"practices.",{"children":1401},[1402,1404,1406,1408,1410,1412],{"text":1403},"The last site focuses on locations where Hostile Environments function as a set of administrative practices of exclusion connected to racialised geographies of border control and policing. Here forms of ",{"text":1405},"“everyday bordering”",{"text":1407}," make it impossible to live a normal life for those racialised as migrants, regardless of their juridical status or whether or not they have recently crossed international ",{"text":1409},"borders.",{"text":1411}," In the UK, local authorities, governmental agencies and private business have increasingly been asked to share data about their users/clients with enforcement agencies, and a wide range of figures (doctors, teachers and university lecturers, but also landlords, bank employees and driving instructors) have been surreptitiously turned into border-control agents, conjuring up diffused atmospheres of surveillance. In Calais, a vast array of micro-tactics of exhaustion has been mobilised on a daily basis to deter and expel migrants: from evictions and the confiscation of tents and sleeping bags, to the harassment and criminalisation of solidarity groups that provide food, shelter and legal ",{"text":1413},"support.",{"children":1415},[1416],{"text":1417},"Altogether, the project sets out to produce new conceptual grounds for rethinking the relation between environment and migration, and to intervene in public debates on the human and environmental cost of border control. ","A five-year investigation into the political ecology of migration and border violence","2024-05-13T09:36:02.483Z","Host: University of Bologna\nFunder: European Research Council \n","A five-year investigation into the political ecology of migration and border violence, funded by the European Research Council",[1423,1424,1425,1426],{"field":416},{"field":1258},{"field":908},{"field":197},{"_type":199,"current":1428},"hostile_environments",[1430],{"title":1431},"Project","Ongoing","Hostile Environments",{"_id":1435,"_translations":1436,"body":1437,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1528,"credits":1529,"introText":1530,"location":65,"slug":1531,"tags":1533,"textDate":65,"title":1535},"fa007d50-c2c4-4b71-83bc-28445fa73fa1",[],[1438,1453,1465,1471,1497],{"children":1439},[1440,1442,1444,1445,1447,1449,1451],{"text":1441},"Decolonial Agroecologies embraces ecological pluralism and, drawing inspiration from Malcolm Ferdinand’s Decolonial Ecology: Thinking from the Caribbean World, recognises the links between colonial history and the history of environmental exploitation. Ferdinand. Ferdinand terms the divide between colonial history and environmental exploitation the ‘double fracture of modernity’, a divide that separates environmental histories, theories, and issues from the histories and theories of colonialism and slavery and their resistances. He argues that to fully address ecological crises, we must move beyond this double fracture both in the present and in the past. Decolonial agroecologies seeks to do just this and expands Ferdinand’s concept to agroecology, which broadly, can be defined as",{"text":1443}," “the integrative study of the ecology of the entire food system, encompassing ecological, economic and social”",{"text":230},{"text":1446}," Overcoming some of the critiques levelled at agroecology for reinforcing colonial tropes and unequal power ",{"text":1448},"structures,",{"text":1450}," decolonial agroecologies instead considers the racial inequities rooted in colonial histories and the ongoingness of climate ",{"text":1452},"coloniality.",{"children":1454},[1455,1457,1459,1461,1463],{"text":1456},"It recognises diverse epistemologies and the diverse temporalities of climate change, that Potawatomi scholar Kyle Whyte (2017), among others, has drawn attention to. Rather than a future trend, Indigenous persons and allies examine climate change as the experience of going back to the future. As the collective The Wretched of the Earth wrote in response to predominantly white environmental organisations claiming that the world ‘is on fire', for many people ‘the house has been on fire for a long ",{"text":1458},"time’.",{"text":1460}," Anthropogenic climate change is understood then as an intensified repetition of anthropogenic environmental change inflicted on Indigenous peoples via colonial practices that facilitated capitalist industrial ",{"text":1462},"expansion.",{"text":1464}," These processes are embedded in an agrotechnological food system that aims to subsume and control through colonial knowledge systems, land possession and dispossession of human and nonhuman.",{"children":1466},[1467,1469],{"text":1468},"In (one of) the only (English language) publications to make use of the term ‘decolonial agroecology’, Sophie Sapp Moore suggests:\n‘Decolonial agroecology is a knowledge project and a project of being. It aims to ‘destabilize forms of scientific knowledge and political activity that depend on Western ideas of nature and knowing; recognise the erasure of indigenous peoples in the foundational violence of the global capitalist agroecosystem; and recognise the need for the constitution of agrarian worlds that delink the production of scientific knowledge in post-plantation geographies from the continued accrual of material and epistemic wealth to the global ",{"text":1470},"North’.",{"children":1472},[1473,1475,1477,1479,1481,1482,1484,1486,1488,1490,1491,1493,1495],{"text":1474},"Decolonial agroecologies goes further to also connect the past and present displacement of people as key to the capitalist agroecosystem. As Rob Nixon has suggested, displacement should not simply be understood as",{"text":1476}," “the movement of people from their places of belonging,”",{"text":1478}," but also as ",{"text":1480},"“the loss of the land and resources beneath them, a loss that leaves communities stranded in a place stripped of the very characteristics that made it inhabitable”",{"text":230},{"text":1483}," These forms of ",{"text":1485},"“accumulation by ",{"text":1487},"displacement” ",{"text":1489},"are visible in many contemporary borderzones, where contested political ecologies are deeply intertwined with histories of dispossession and migration. Timothy Raeymaekers’ research with African agricultural migrants workers in Italy evidences the tight relation between agri-food capitalism, the climate crisis and (unequal) mobilities",{"text":230},{"text":1492}," Raeymaekers highlights the ironies and inequities of this food system, in which capital is increasingly held by large agri-businesses, an example given being Ghana, a country that shifted from being a major regional exporter to the largest importer of tomato concentrate in Africa, mainly from Italy and ",{"text":1494},"China.",{"text":1496}," A shift which also led to those who once worked in Ghanian tomato fields, both Ghanaians and West African migrant workers, becoming informal migrant workers on the tomato fields in Italy. He thus highlights the paradox of extractive operations rooted in racial capitalism that actively transform the earth and human bodies into productive commodities whilst simultaneously destroying the very foundations of life that sustain them.",{"children":1498},[1499,1501,1503,1504,1506,1508,1510,1512,1513,1515,1517,1519,1520,1522,1524,1526],{"text":1500},"Drawing parallels between the drowning of those who sought to cross the English Channel in November 2022, where 27 people lost their lives, and those at risk of sinking under sea level rise, Malcolm Ferdinand stresses ",{"text":1502},"‘[b]oth events are results of colonialism and the ways our planet’s resources are unequally distributed’",{"text":230},{"text":1505}," Whilst Ferdinand refers to ‘drowning people’, this is not to construe such people as passive victims, but rather subjects exposed to the unequal harms of the racialized structures of the global extractivist economy, who should be listened to. Attention is drawn to how such vulnerability to harm is produced, racialized, and its rootedness in the ongoingness of colonial regimes and extractive practices. Yet this is not without resistance. For example, as the Climate Pacific Warriors state in their slogan ",{"text":1507},"“We are not drowning. We are fighting”",{"text":1509},". The slogan adopted as ‘an anti-narrative to the dominant story told about a people’, and a means of finding a way to ‘tell stories that are not rooted in ",{"text":1511},"whiteness’.",{"text":971},{"text":1514},"Decolonial agroecologies recognises that engaging with diverse epistemologies is invaluable for ecological pluralism and new modes of production that move away from extractive processes. It calls for new ways of inhabiting the earth, and, in line with feminist theorists, for rethinking care as resistance",{"text":1516},", as ",{"text":1518},"‘[a] species activity that includes everything that we do to maintain, to continue, and to repair our world so that we can live in it as well as possible. That world includes our bodies, our selves, and our environment, all of which we seek to interweave in a complex, life-sustaining web’",{"text":230},{"text":1521},"\nWhat Stefania ",{"text":1523},"Barca",{"text":1525}," terms ‘earthcare labour’ a specific type of care labour – that of tending to nonhuman nature (soil, water, nonhuman animals, plants, etc.) that are part of the web of interdependencies which keep people alive. Through nurturing and replenishing human bodies, and protecting and regenerating nonhuman nature and habitats, earthcare labour may counteract the depleting effects of the global extractive system. This is a type of a type of ‘radical care’ that aims at producing new, anti-extractive, commoning relations among people and between them and their ",{"text":1527},"environments.","2024-05-13T07:43:11.864Z","Funders: European Research Council ","This term attempts to rethink the interconnectedness of agri-food capitalism, coloniality, and the displacement of human and nonhumans. It calls for more plural forms of ecological knowledge that disrupt extractive logics and propose alternative ways of being in the world ",{"_type":199,"current":1532},"decolonial_agroecologies",[1534],{"title":1351},"Decolonial Agroecologies ",{"_id":1537,"_translations":1538,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1551,"credits":1540,"introText":65,"location":1552,"slug":1554,"tags":1555,"textDate":65,"title":1545},"0061737d-9dd0-4012-9358-518d651c621a",[1539,1546],{"_id":1537,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":1540,"externalLink":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":74,"language":1541,"languageTitle":1542,"slug":1543,"title":1545},"Ospite: La Biennale di Venezia\nLocalizzazione: L’Arsenale","it","Italiano",{"_type":199,"current":1544},"disobedience-archive","Disobedience Archive",{"_id":1547,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":1548,"externalLink":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":65,"language":566,"languageTitle":567,"slug":1549,"title":1545},"0c1a8c93-1512-4469-836f-9aa8a1e2f093","Host: La Biennale di Venezia\nLocation: L’Arsenale",{"_type":199,"current":1550},"disobedience-archive-en","2024-04-20T12:43:00.000Z",[1553],{"field":1258},{"_type":199,"current":1544},[1556],{"title":1262},{"_id":1558,"_translations":1559,"body":1566,"cardExcerpt":1561,"createdAt":1598,"credits":1562,"introText":1561,"location":1599,"slug":1601,"tags":1602,"textDate":65,"title":1565},"9ac0c123-690b-48eb-90c0-bb7605c4848a",[1560],{"_id":1558,"cardExcerpt":1561,"credits":1562,"externalLink":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":65,"language":566,"languageTitle":567,"slug":1563,"title":1565},"An investigation into the operational logic and sensory capabilities of the Israeli-built Heron drone patrolling the Central Mediterranean on behalf of Frontex","Collaborator: Border Forensics\nThanks to: Sea-Watch, RESQSHIP & Alarm Phone \n",{"_type":199,"current":1564},"asymmetric-visions","Asymmetric Visions",[1567,1575,1579,1583,1594],{"children":1568},[1569,1571,1573],{"text":1570},"Since 2017 European authorities, and in particular Frontex, have increasingly relied on a comprehensive network of manned and unmanned aircraft operated by private contractors to monitor the presence of migrant boats in the Central Mediterranean. ",{"text":1572},"While Frontex maintains that aerial surveillance helps to save lives at sea, several investigations, including our own, have demonstrated that it is used to provide the Libyan Coast Guard with the information they need to capture them",{"text":1574},", knowing full well the arbitrary detention, violence, and exploitation migrants face upon return to Libya. Aerial patrols have thus become a central plank of the EU’s strategy to prevent asylum seekers from reaching Europe by boat.",{"children":1576},[1577],{"text":1578},"In the summer of 2021 Frontex added to its increasing aerial arsenal a remote-piloted Heron drone flying out of Malta airport. Built by Israeli Aerospace Industries and operated by a subsidiary of Airbus, the drone has arguably become a cornerstone of Frontex aerial operations as it can fly for longer hours closer to the Libyan coast, where migrant boats can be more easily intercepted by the Libyan Coast Guard. The operational patterns and sensory capabilities of the Frontex drone, however, remain shrouded in secrecy. Few public documents specify to any level of detail why or when the drone is used, nor what it can detect and how, leaving the understanding of the drone’s role in the interceptions by the Libyan Coast Guard obscured and incomplete.",{"children":1580},[1581],{"text":1582},"Through open-source research, forensic methods, data, and image analysis we carried out an investigation to answer a simple question: how does the drone see? By relying on a trail of public tender documents, flight data, witness testimonies, incident reports and images obtained through Freedom of Information requests and parliamentary questions, we were able to reconstruct moments of confirmed interactions between the Frontex drone and vessels at sea.",{"children":1584},[1585,1587,1589,1590,1592],{"text":1586},"Our research findings compiled into this 11-minute animation which sets out to further our understanding of the drone’s sensory capabilities, through the confirmation of minimum ranges of its onboard ",{"text":1588},"optical",{"text":291},{"text":1591},"non-optical",{"text":1593}," sensors. Moreover, the video also seeks to account for the embodied experience of those travelling by boat across the deadliest migration route in the world, for whom the drone remains an inconspicuous and elusive presence, often just barely audible and indifferent to their fate.",{"children":1595},[1596],{"text":1597},"Asymmetric Visions has been shown within the context of international festivals and exhibitions such as the Venice Biennale as part of the Archive of Disobedience, curated by Marco Scotini, and the 2023 KIKK Festival; an international festival of digital & creative cultures exploring the crossovers between art, science & technology.","2024-04-15T22:00:00.000Z",[1600],{"field":1258},{"_type":199,"current":1564},[1603],{"title":558},{"_id":1605,"_translations":1606,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1620,"credits":1608,"introText":65,"location":1621,"slug":1623,"tags":1624,"textDate":65,"title":1612},"3c47b2a6-dc05-44de-be2a-f31d00f4bfb8",[1607,1613,65],{"_id":1605,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":1608,"externalLink":1609,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":74,"language":1246,"languageTitle":1247,"slug":1610,"title":1612},"Hôte : Festival KIKK \nCollaborateur : Border Forensics","https://2023.kikk.be/fr/kikk-for-pro-fr/conferences-fr/jack-isles-fr",{"_type":199,"current":1611},"eaux-hostiles","Eaux Hostiles",{"_id":1614,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":1615,"externalLink":1616,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":65,"language":566,"languageTitle":567,"slug":1617,"title":1619},"659549c2-0db2-4b84-b5bd-e198197624b1","Host: KIKK Festival\nCollaborator: Border Forensics ","https://2023.kikk.be/kikk-for-pro/conferences/jack-isles",{"_type":199,"current":1618},"hostile-waters","Hostile Waters","2023-09-25T22:00:00.000Z",[1622],{"field":1258},{"_type":199,"current":1611},[1625],{"title":913},{"_id":1627,"_translations":1628,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1629,"credits":1630,"introText":65,"location":1631,"slug":1633,"tags":1635,"textDate":65,"title":1637},"78709f5e-4c04-4f55-9f78-3da7b1369ad6",[],"2023-06-01T22:00:00.000Z","Host: EuroMed Rights\nLocation: Museo Maritim Barcelona",[1632],{"field":1258},{"_type":199,"current":1634},"for-a-right-to-rescue-in-the-mediterranean",[1636],{"title":913},"For a Right to Rescue in the Mediterranean",{"_id":1639,"_translations":1640,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1641,"credits":1642,"introText":65,"location":1643,"slug":1645,"tags":1647,"textDate":65,"title":1649},"787ec0b7-644b-48fa-b020-eb9dda3c366a",[],"2023-05-11T22:00:00.000Z","Platform: Twitter\nCollaborator: Border Forensics",[1644],{"field":416},{"_type":199,"current":1646},"representing-the-deadly-effects-of-border-control-in-niger",[1648],{"title":356},"Representing The Deadly Effects Of Border Control In Niger",{"_id":1651,"_translations":1652,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":1654,"createdAt":1666,"credits":1655,"introText":65,"location":1667,"slug":1669,"tags":1670,"textDate":65,"title":1658},"02bdf414-eb3c-429f-9d76-3ba5b639b4e4",[1653,1659],{"_id":1651,"cardExcerpt":1654,"credits":1655,"externalLink":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":74,"language":1246,"languageTitle":1247,"slug":1656,"title":1658},"Comprendre les effets meurtriers de la loi 2015-36 du Niger à travers une analyse des infrastructures transsahariennes de mobilité et de militarisation","Collaborateurs: Border Forensics",{"_type":199,"current":1657},"mission-accomplie-les-effets-mortels-du-controle-des-frontieres-au-niger","Mission accomplie? Les effets mortels du contrôle des frontières au Niger",{"_id":1660,"cardExcerpt":1661,"credits":1662,"externalLink":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":65,"language":566,"languageTitle":567,"slug":1663,"title":1665},"97202480-f417-4dd9-93c1-ab409b989c09","Understanding the lethal effects of Niger’s Law 2015-36 through an analysis of cross-Saharan infrastructures of mobility and militarisation.","Collaborators: Border Forensics",{"_type":199,"current":1664},"mission-accomplished-the-deadly-effects-of-border-control-in-niger","Mission Accomplished? The Deadly Effects Of Border Control In Niger","2023-05-07T22:00:00.000Z",[1668],{"field":416},{"_type":199,"current":1657},[1671],{"title":558},{"_id":1673,"_translations":1674,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1666,"credits":1655,"introText":65,"location":1684,"slug":1686,"tags":1687,"textDate":65,"title":1678},"b44ac7a1-1316-4581-87a2-91526f72b783",[1675,1679],{"_id":1673,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":1655,"externalLink":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":74,"language":1246,"languageTitle":1247,"slug":1676,"title":1678},{"_type":199,"current":1677},"sahara-la-collaboration-entre-le-niger-et-l-ue-pour-renforcer-les-controles-aux-frontieres-met-en-danger-la-vie-des-migrants","Sahara: La collaboration entre le Niger et l’UE pour renforcer les contrôles aux frontières met en danger la vie des migrants",{"_id":1680,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":1662,"externalLink":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":65,"language":566,"languageTitle":567,"slug":1681,"title":1683},"e04b2586-c612-456c-9eca-fcd6b38cd21b",{"_type":199,"current":1682},"sahara-niger-eu-collaboration-to-enforce-border-control-puts-migrants-lives-at-risk","Sahara: Niger-EU collaboration to enforce border control puts migrants’ lives at risk",[1685],{"field":416},{"_type":199,"current":1677},[1688],{"title":203},{"_id":1690,"_translations":1691,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1692,"credits":1693,"introText":65,"location":1694,"slug":1696,"tags":1698,"textDate":65,"title":1700},"2c966003-cf18-4fc9-8a3c-47781f9cc7f6",[],"2023-05-02T22:00:00.000Z","Host: The German Federal Foreign Office\nParticipants: IOM, UNHCR, IMO",[1695],{"field":1258},{"_type":199,"current":1697},"search-and-rescue-in-the-central-mediterranean",[1699],{"title":913},"Search and Rescue in the Central Mediterranean",{"_id":1702,"_translations":1703,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1704,"credits":1705,"introText":65,"location":1706,"slug":1708,"tags":1710,"textDate":65,"title":1712},"ffdc8918-c670-405f-b91c-1216d6497a4e",[],"2023-04-03T22:00:00.000Z","Host: Institut SoMuM, Aix-Marseille Université\nLocation: Mucem, fort Saint-Jean — MucemLab\n",[1707],{"field":1258},{"_type":199,"current":1709},"la-creation-en-exil-art-migration-justice",[1711],{"title":913},"La création « en exil » : art, migration, justice",{"_id":1714,"_translations":1715,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1716,"credits":1717,"introText":65,"location":1718,"slug":1720,"tags":1722,"textDate":65,"title":1724},"d193412e-2d77-4c18-8887-5554657ed552",[],"2022-12-13T23:00:00.000Z","Journal: Al Jazeera English\nCollaborators: Border Forensics & Human Rights Watch\nAuthors: Judith Sutherland & Lorenzo Pezzani",[1719],{"field":1258},{"_type":199,"current":1721},"frontex-delivers-cruelty-from-the-skies",[1723],{"title":203},"Frontex delivers cruelty from the skies",{"_id":1726,"_translations":1727,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":1728,"createdAt":1729,"credits":1730,"introText":1728,"location":1731,"slug":1733,"tags":1735,"textDate":65,"title":1737},"7f7f2048-c0fe-456a-9dec-1649c6777ca5",[],"Investigating the use of aerial surveillance and unmanned aircraft by the EU’s border agency (Frontex) in the Central Mediterranean Sea","2022-12-11T23:00:00.000Z","Collaborators: Border Forensics & Human Rights Watch\nAuthors: Judith Sutherland & Lorenzo Pezzani",[1732],{"field":1258},{"_type":199,"current":1734},"airborne-complicity",[1736],{"title":558},"Airborne Complicity",{"_id":1739,"_translations":1740,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1741,"credits":1742,"introText":65,"location":1743,"slug":1745,"tags":1747,"textDate":1749,"title":1750},"acd12329-a129-4fd5-9b86-6f78e6639792",[],"2022-10-23T11:11:00.000Z","Host: ar/ge kunst, Bolzano, unibz – Faculty of Design and Art in collaboration with Z33 – House of Contemporary Art, Design & Architecture, Hasselt",[1744],{"field":1258},{"_type":199,"current":1746},"hostile-environments-s-designing-hostility",[1748],{"title":913},"2022","Hostile Environments(s), Designing Hostility",{"_id":1752,"_translations":1753,"body":1754,"cardExcerpt":1789,"createdAt":1790,"credits":1791,"introText":1789,"location":65,"slug":1792,"tags":1794,"textDate":1432,"title":1796},"976fb284-8d12-4e85-ba1e-6991e4984f59",[],[1755,1761,1773,1781],{"children":1756},[1757,1759],{"text":1758},"Words matter. Language is not neutral; it is a fundamental means through which the world is represented, understood, and contested. The terms we use frame, delimit, and produce meaning. In the context of migration, language plays a pivotal role in shaping public perception, policy responses, and the lived experiences of migrants ",{"text":1760},"themselves.",{"children":1762},[1763,1765,1767,1769,1771],{"text":1764},"In her 1991 essay 'Theory as Liberatory Practice', the African American Feminist, Educator, Activist and Writer, bell hooks describes how she ",{"text":1766},"‘found a place of sanctuary in \"theorizing\"’, ‘a place where [she] could imagine possible futures, a place where life could be lived ",{"text":1768},"differently",{"text":1770},"’",{"text":1772},". For hooks, theory was ‘a healing place’.",{"children":1774},[1775,1777,1779],{"text":1776},"It is in this spirit that we are (re-)defining a set of terms collectively as part of a critical lexicon: to provide a language that allows for rethinking the relation between environment and migration. Given the violence that continues unabated towards mobile lives, both in terms of the actions and the language used against those racialised as ",{"text":1778},"other",{"text":1780},", the critical lexicon aims to highlight how mainstream language from the Global North used to describe the relationships between migration and environment is both harmful and ahistorical.",{"children":1782},[1783,1785,1787],{"text":1784},"The overall aim of the lexicon is to provide a toolbox for reframing debates concerning the relation between ecologies and mobilities, moving beyond catastrophist and security-oriented perspectives. In a series of lexicon events, we have invited a group of academics, artists and activists to collaboratively move towards a more inclusive, ",{"text":1786},"care-full",{"text":1788}," theory of migration and environment: not to fixate meaning, but to hopefully open up a space of dialogue across the various practices, sites, communities and languages that the project engages with.","A toolbox for reframing debates concerning the relation between ecologies and mobilities, moving beyond catastrophist and security-oriented perspectives","2022-09-30T22:00:00.000Z","Funders: European Research Council  ",{"_type":199,"current":1793},"critical_lexicon",[1795],{"title":1351},"Critical Lexicon",{"_id":1798,"_translations":1799,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1800,"credits":1801,"introText":65,"location":1802,"slug":1804,"tags":1806,"textDate":65,"title":1808},"77b890e5-de39-4f80-917c-4c5966c8c4e7",[],"2022-06-16T22:00:00.000Z","Host: Art Meets Radical Openness\nCollaborator: Border Forensics",[1803],{"field":1258},{"_type":199,"current":1805},"invisibilities-of-aerial-surveillance",[1807],{"title":913},"(In)visibilities of Aerial Surveillance",{"_id":1810,"_translations":1811,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1812,"credits":1813,"introText":65,"location":1814,"slug":1816,"tags":1818,"textDate":65,"title":1820},"bbe5ba4c-713a-44cf-96e0-665c8978c31a",[],"2020-04-30T22:00:00.000Z","Journal: e-flux\nAuthor: Lorenzo Pezzani",[1815],{"field":1258},{"_type":199,"current":1817},"hostile-environments",[1819],{"title":203},"Hostile Environments ",{"_id":1822,"_translations":1823,"body":65,"cardExcerpt":65,"createdAt":1841,"credits":1825,"introText":65,"location":1842,"slug":1844,"tags":1845,"textDate":65,"title":1828},"5a8515b7-62f8-45f1-b96f-ad1f01e4febe",[1824,1829,1836],{"_id":1822,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":1825,"externalLink":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":74,"language":1541,"languageTitle":1542,"slug":1826,"title":1828},"Commissionato da: ar/ge kunst\nCuratela: Emanuele Guidi",{"_type":199,"current":1827},"it-hostile-environment-s","“Hostile Environment”(s)",{"_id":1830,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":1831,"externalLink":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":74,"language":1832,"languageTitle":1833,"slug":1834,"title":1828},"38ddb55f-b963-4ff5-bef7-168e13f52912","Auftraggeber: ar/ge kunst\nKuratorenschaft: Emanuele Guidi","de","Deutsch",{"_type":199,"current":1835},"de-hostile-environment-s",{"_id":1837,"cardExcerpt":65,"credits":1838,"externalLink":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"id":65,"isArabicAlphabet":65,"language":566,"languageTitle":567,"slug":1839,"title":1828},"1a5bfc8e-e2be-42af-be8b-a455b073043c","Commissioned by: ar/ge kunst\nCurator: Emanuele Guidi",{"_type":199,"current":1840},"en-hostile-environment-s","2019-11-20T23:00:00.000Z",[1843],{"field":416},{"_type":199,"current":1827},[1846],{"title":1262},{"_id":191,"_translations":1848,"articleScope":1849,"bibliography":65,"body":65,"createdAt":193,"credits":194,"defaultDownLoadLink":65,"defaultLaunchLink":65,"externalIframe":1850,"externalLinks":65,"funding":65,"hasLatinAlphabet":61,"introMedia":1851,"introMediaType":1852,"introPdfEmbed":1854,"introSoundcloudEmbed":65,"introText":65,"isArabicAlphabet":65,"language":566,"location":1856,"press":65,"relatedArticles":65,"slug":1858,"specificDate":65,"tags":1859,"title":204,"wip":74},[],"externalIframe","https://icaruscomplexmagazine.com/contested-waters/",{"_type":1852,"autoplay":74,"image":65,"isVideo":74,"videoId":65,"videoType":1853,"videoUrl":65},"media","vimeo",{"pdfFile":65,"pdfGoogleDriveLink":65,"pdfType":1855},"googleDrive",[1857],{"field":197},{"_type":199,"current":200},[1860],{"title":203},1776070821237]